A JSON array contains a list of values separated by commas and enclosed within [ and ] characters:

["abc", 10, null, true, false]

A JSON object contains a set of key-value pairs separated by commas and enclosed within { and } characters:

{"k1": "value", "k2": 10}

As the examples illustrate, JSON arrays and objects can contain scalar values that are strings or numbers, the JSON null literal, or the JSON boolean true or false literals. Keys in JSON objects must be strings. Temporal (date, time, or datetime) scalar values are also permitted:

["12:18:29.000000", "2015-07-29", "2015-07-29 12:18:29.000000"]

Nesting is permitted within JSON array elements and JSON object key values:

[99, {"id": "HK500", "cost": 75.99}, ["hot", "cold"]]
{"k1": "value", "k2": [10, 20]}

You can also obtain JSON values from a number of functions supplied by MySQL for this purpose (see Section 12.17.2, “Functions That Create JSON Values”) as well as by casting values of other types to the JSON type using CAST(value AS JSON) (see Converting between JSON and non-JSON values). The next several paragraphs describe how MySQL handles JSON values provided as input.

In MySQL, JSON values are written as strings. MySQL parses any string used in a context that requires a JSON value, and produces an error if it is not valid as JSON. These contexts include inserting a value into a column that has the JSON data type and passing an argument to a function that expects a JSON value (usually shown as json_doc or json_val in the documentation for MySQL JSON functions), as the following examples demonstrate:

MySQL handles strings used in JSON context using the utf8mb4 character set and utf8mb4_bin collation. Strings in other character sets are converted to utf8mb4 as necessary. (For strings in the ascii or utf8 character sets, no conversion is needed because ascii and utf8 are subsets of utf8mb4.)

As an alternative to writing JSON values using literal strings, functions exist for composing JSON values from component elements. JSON_ARRAY() takes a (possibly empty) list of values and returns a JSON array containing those values:

mysql> SELECT JSON_ARRAY('a', 1, NOW());
+----------------------------------------+
| JSON_ARRAY('a', 1, NOW())              |
+----------------------------------------+
| ["a", 1, "2015-07-27 09:43:47.000000"] |
+----------------------------------------+

JSON_OBJECT() takes a (possibly empty) list of key-value pairs and returns a JSON object containing those pairs:

mysql> SELECT JSON_OBJECT('key1', 1, 'key2', 'abc');
+---------------------------------------+
| JSON_OBJECT('key1', 1, 'key2', 'abc') |
+---------------------------------------+
| {"key1": 1, "key2": "abc"}            |
+---------------------------------------+

JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE() takes two or more JSON documents and returns the combined result:

mysql> SELECT JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE('["a", 1]', '{"key": "value"}');
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE('["a", 1]', '{"key": "value"}') |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| ["a", 1, {"key": "value"}]                          |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

For information about the merging rules, see Normalization, Merging, and Autowrapping of JSON Values.

(MySQL 8.0.3 and later also support JSON_MERGE_PATCH(), which has somewhat different behavior. See JSON_MERGE_PATCH() compared with JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE(), for information about the differences between these two functions.)

JSON values can be assigned to user-defined variables:

mysql> SET @j = JSON_OBJECT('key', 'value');
mysql> SELECT @j;
+------------------+
| @j               |
+------------------+
| {"key": "value"} |
+------------------+

However, user-defined variables cannot be of JSON data type, so although @j in the preceding example looks like a JSON value and has the same character set and collation as a JSON value, it does not have the JSON data type. Instead, the result from JSON_OBJECT() is converted to a string when assigned to the variable.

Strings produced by converting JSON values have a character set of utf8mb4 and a collation of utf8mb4_bin:

mysql> SELECT CHARSET(@j), COLLATION(@j);
+-------------+---------------+
| CHARSET(@j) | COLLATION(@j) |
+-------------+---------------+
| utf8mb4     | utf8mb4_bin   |
+-------------+---------------+

Because utf8mb4_bin is a binary collation, comparison of JSON values is case-sensitive.

mysql> SELECT JSON_ARRAY('x') = JSON_ARRAY('X');
+-----------------------------------+
| JSON_ARRAY('x') = JSON_ARRAY('X') |
+-----------------------------------+
|                                 0 |
+-----------------------------------+

Case sensitivity also applies to the JSON null, true, and false literals, which always must be written in lowercase:

mysql> SELECT JSON_VALID('null'), JSON_VALID('Null'), JSON_VALID('NULL');
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
| JSON_VALID('null') | JSON_VALID('Null') | JSON_VALID('NULL') |
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+
|                  1 |                  0 |                  0 |
+--------------------+--------------------+--------------------+

mysql> SELECT CAST('null' AS JSON);
+----------------------+
| CAST('null' AS JSON) |
+----------------------+
| null                 |
+----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT CAST('NULL' AS JSON);
ERROR 3141 (22032): Invalid JSON text in argument 1 to function cast_as_json:
"Invalid value." at position 0 in 'NULL'.

Case sensitivity of the JSON literals differs from that of the SQL NULL, TRUE, and FALSE literals, which can be written in any lettercase:

mysql> SELECT ISNULL(null), ISNULL(Null), ISNULL(NULL);
+--------------+--------------+--------------+
| ISNULL(null) | ISNULL(Null) | ISNULL(NULL) |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+
|            1 |            1 |            1 |
+--------------+--------------+--------------+

Sometimes it may be necessary or desirable to insert quote characters (" or ') into a JSON document. Assume for this example that you want to insert some JSON objects containing strings representing sentences that state some facts about MySQL, each paired with an appropriate keyword, into a table created using the SQL statement shown here:

mysql> CREATE TABLE facts (sentence JSON);

Among these keyword-sentence pairs is this one:

mascot: The MySQL mascot is a dolphin named "Sakila".

One way to insert this as a JSON object into the facts table is to use the MySQL JSON_OBJECT() function. In this case, you must escape each quote character using a backslash, as shown here:

mysql> INSERT INTO facts VALUES
     >   (JSON_OBJECT("mascot", "Our mascot is a dolphin named \"Sakila\"."));

This does not work in the same way if you insert the value as a JSON object literal, in which case, you must use the double backslash escape sequence, like this:

mysql> INSERT INTO facts VALUES
     >   ('{"mascot": "Our mascot is a dolphin named \\"Sakila\\"."}');

Using the double backslash keeps MySQL from performing escape sequence processing, and instead causes it to pass the string literal to the storage engine for processing. After inserting the JSON object in either of the ways just shown, you can see that the backslashes are present in the JSON column value by doing a simple SELECT, like this:

mysql> SELECT sentence FROM facts;
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| sentence                                                |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| {"mascot": "Our mascot is a dolphin named \"Sakila\"."} |
+---------------------------------------------------------+

To look up this particular sentence employing mascot as the key, you can use the column-path operator ->, as shown here:

mysql> SELECT col->"$.mascot" FROM qtest;
+---------------------------------------------+
| col->"$.mascot"                             |
+---------------------------------------------+
| "Our mascot is a dolphin named \"Sakila\"." |
+---------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

This leaves the backslashes intact, along with the surrounding quote marks. To display the desired value using mascot as the key, but without including the surrounding quote marks or any escapes, use the inline path operator ->>, like this:

mysql> SELECT sentence->>"$.mascot" FROM facts;
+-----------------------------------------+
| sentence->>"$.mascot"                   |
+-----------------------------------------+
| Our mascot is a dolphin named "Sakila". |
+-----------------------------------------+

mysql> INSERT INTO facts VALUES
     > (JSON_OBJECT('mascot', 'Our mascot is a dolphin named "Sakila".'));

When a string is parsed and found to be a valid JSON document, it is also normalized. This means that members with keys that duplicate a key found later in the document, reading from left to right, are discarded. The object value produced by the following JSON_OBJECT() call includes only the second key1 element because that key name occurs earlier in the value, as shown here:

mysql> SELECT JSON_OBJECT('key1', 1, 'key2', 'abc', 'key1', 'def');
+------------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_OBJECT('key1', 1, 'key2', 'abc', 'key1', 'def') |
+------------------------------------------------------+
| {"key1": "def", "key2": "abc"}                       |
+------------------------------------------------------+

Normalization is also performed when values are inserted into JSON columns, as shown here:

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 JSON);

mysql> INSERT INTO t1 VALUES
     >     ('{"x": 17, "x": "red"}'),
     >     ('{"x": 17, "x": "red", "x": [3, 5, 7]}');

mysql> SELECT c1 FROM t1;
+------------------+
| c1               |
+------------------+
| {"x": "red"}     |
| {"x": [3, 5, 7]} |
+------------------+

This “last duplicate key wins” behavior is suggested by RFC 7159 and is implemented by most JavaScript parsers. (Bug #86866, Bug #26369555)

In versions of MySQL prior to 8.0.3, members with keys that duplicated a key found earlier in the document were discarded. The object value produced by the following JSON_OBJECT() call does not include the second key1 element because that key name occurs earlier in the value:

mysql> SELECT JSON_OBJECT('key1', 1, 'key2', 'abc', 'key1', 'def');
+------------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_OBJECT('key1', 1, 'key2', 'abc', 'key1', 'def') |
+------------------------------------------------------+
| {"key1": 1, "key2": "abc"}                           |
+------------------------------------------------------+

Prior to MySQL 8.0.3, this “first duplicate key wins” normalization was also performed when inserting values into JSON columns.

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 JSON);

mysql> INSERT INTO t1 VALUES
     >     ('{"x": 17, "x": "red"}'),
     >     ('{"x": 17, "x": "red", "x": [3, 5, 7]}');

mysql> SELECT c1 FROM t1;
+-----------+
| c1        |
+-----------+
| {"x": 17} |
| {"x": 17} |
+-----------+

MySQL also discards extra whitespace between keys, values, or elements in the original JSON document. To make lookups more efficient, it also sorts the keys of a JSON object. You should be aware that the result of this ordering is subject to change and not guaranteed to be consistent across releases.

MySQL functions that produce JSON values (see Section 12.17.2, “Functions That Create JSON Values”) always return normalized values.

Merging JSON Values

Two merging algorithms are supported in MySQL 8.0.3 (and later), implemented by the functions JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE() and JSON_MERGE_PATCH(). These differ in how they handle duplicate keys: JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE() retains values for duplicate keys, while JSON_MERGE_PATCH() discards all but the last value. The next few paragraphs explain how each of these two functions handles the merging of different combinations of JSON documents (that is, of objects and arrays).

Merging arrays.  In contexts that combine multiple arrays, the arrays are merged into a single array. JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE() does this by concatenating arrays named later to the end of the first array. JSON_MERGE_PATCH() considers each argument as an array consisting of a single element (thus having 0 as its index) and then applies “last duplicate key wins” logic to select only the last argument. You can compare the results shown by this query:

mysql> SELECT
    ->   JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE('[1, 2]', '["a", "b", "c"]', '[true, false]') AS Preserve,
    ->   JSON_MERGE_PATCH('[1, 2]', '["a", "b", "c"]', '[true, false]') AS Patch\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Preserve: [1, 2, "a", "b", "c", true, false]
   Patch: [true, false]

Multiple objects when merged produce a single object. JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE() handles multiple objects having the same key by combining all unique values for that key in an array; this array is then used as the value for that key in the result. JSON_MERGE_PATCH() discards values for which duplicate keys are found, working from left to right, so that the result contains only the last value for that key. The following query illustrates the difference in the results for the duplicate key a:

mysql> SELECT
    ->   JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE('{"a": 1, "b": 2}', '{"c": 3, "a": 4}', '{"c": 5, "d": 3}') AS Preserve,
    ->   JSON_MERGE_PATCH('{"a": 3, "b": 2}', '{"c": 3, "a": 4}', '{"c": 5, "d": 3}') AS Patch\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Preserve: {"a": [1, 4], "b": 2, "c": [3, 5], "d": 3}
   Patch: {"a": 4, "b": 2, "c": 5, "d": 3}

Nonarray values used in a context that requires an array value are autowrapped: The value is surrounded by [ and ] characters to convert it to an array. In the following statement, each argument is autowrapped as an array ([1], [2]). These are then merged to produce a single result array; as in the previous two cases, JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE() combines values having the same key while JSON_MERGE_PATCH() discards values for all duplicate keys except the last, as shown here:

mysql> SELECT
	  ->   JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE('1', '2') AS Preserve,
	  ->   JSON_MERGE_PATCH('1', '2') AS Patch\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Preserve: [1, 2]
   Patch: 2

Array and object values are merged by autowrapping the object as an array and merging the arrays by combining values or by “last duplicate key wins” according to the choice of merging function (JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE() or JSON_MERGE_PATCH(), respectively), as can be seen in this example:

mysql> SELECT
	  ->   JSON_MERGE_PRESERVE('[10, 20]', '{"a": "x", "b": "y"}') AS Preserve,
	  ->   JSON_MERGE_PATCH('[10, 20]', '{"a": "x", "b": "y"}') AS Patch\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Preserve: [10, 20, {"a": "x", "b": "y"}]
   Patch: {"a": "x", "b": "y"}

A JSON path expression selects a value within a JSON document.

Path expressions are useful with functions that extract parts of or modify a JSON document, to specify where within that document to operate. For example, the following query extracts from a JSON document the value of the member with the name key:

mysql> SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('{"id": 14, "name": "Aztalan"}', '$.name');
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT('{"id": 14, "name": "Aztalan"}', '$.name') |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| "Aztalan"                                               |
+---------------------------------------------------------+

Path syntax uses a leading $ character to represent the JSON document under consideration, optionally followed by selectors that indicate successively more specific parts of the document:

Let $ refer to this JSON array with three elements:

[3, {"a": [5, 6], "b": 10}, [99, 100]]

Then:

Because $[1] and $[2] evaluate to nonscalar values, they can be used as the basis for more-specific path expressions that select nested values. Examples:

As mentioned previously, path components that name keys must be quoted if the unquoted key name is not legal in path expressions. Let $ refer to this value:

{"a fish": "shark", "a bird": "sparrow"}

The keys both contain a space and must be quoted:

Paths that use wildcards evaluate to an array that can contain multiple values:

mysql> SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": [3, 4, 5]}', '$.*');
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT('{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": [3, 4, 5]}', '$.*') |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2, [3, 4, 5]]                                       |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
mysql> SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": [3, 4, 5]}', '$.c[*]');
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT('{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": [3, 4, 5]}', '$.c[*]') |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| [3, 4, 5]                                                  |
+------------------------------------------------------------+

In the following example, the path $**.b evaluates to multiple paths ($.a.b and $.c.b) and produces an array of the matching path values:

mysql> SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('{"a": {"b": 1}, "c": {"b": 2}}', '$**.b');
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT('{"a": {"b": 1}, "c": {"b": 2}}', '$**.b') |
+---------------------------------------------------------+
| [1, 2]                                                  |
+---------------------------------------------------------+

Ranges from JSON arrays.  You can use ranges with the to keyword to specify subsets of JSON arrays. For example, $[1 to 3] includes the second, third, and fourth elements of an array, as shown here:

mysql> SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]', '$[1 to 3]');
+----------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT('[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]', '$[1 to 3]') |
+----------------------------------------------+
| [2, 3, 4]                                    |
+----------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The syntax is M to N, where M and N are, respectively, the first and last indexes of a range of elements from a JSON array. N must be greater than M; M must be greater than or equal to 0. Array elements are indexed beginning with 0.

You can use ranges in contexts where wildcards are supported.

Rightmost array element.  The last keyword is supported as a synonym for the index of the last element in an array. Expressions of the form last - N can be used for relative addressing, and within range definitions, like this:

mysql> SELECT JSON_EXTRACT('[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]', '$[last-3 to last-1]');
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_EXTRACT('[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]', '$[last-3 to last-1]') |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| [2, 3, 4]                                              |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)

If the path is evaluated against a value that is not an array, the result of the evaluation is the same as if the value had been wrapped in a single-element array:

mysql> SELECT JSON_REPLACE('"Sakila"', '$[last]', 10);
+-----------------------------------------+
| JSON_REPLACE('"Sakila"', '$[last]', 10) |
+-----------------------------------------+
| 10                                      |
+-----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

You can use column->path with a JSON column identifier and JSON path expression as a synonym for JSON_EXTRACT(column, path). See Section 12.17.3, “Functions That Search JSON Values”, for more information. See also Indexing a Generated Column to Provide a JSON Column Index.

Some functions take an existing JSON document, modify it in some way, and return the resulting modified document. Path expressions indicate where in the document to make changes. For example, the JSON_SET(), JSON_INSERT(), and JSON_REPLACE() functions each take a JSON document, plus one or more path-value pairs that describe where to modify the document and the values to use. The functions differ in how they handle existing and nonexisting values within the document.

Consider this document:

mysql> SET @j = '["a", {"b": [true, false]}, [10, 20]]';

JSON_SET() replaces values for paths that exist and adds values for paths that do not exist:.

mysql> SELECT JSON_SET(@j, '$[1].b[0]', 1, '$[2][2]', 2);
+--------------------------------------------+
| JSON_SET(@j, '$[1].b[0]', 1, '$[2][2]', 2) |
+--------------------------------------------+
| ["a", {"b": [1, false]}, [10, 20, 2]]      |
+--------------------------------------------+

In this case, the path $[1].b[0] selects an existing value (true), which is replaced with the value following the path argument (1). The path $[2][2] does not exist, so the corresponding value (2) is added to the value selected by $[2].

JSON_INSERT() adds new values but does not replace existing values:

mysql> SELECT JSON_INSERT(@j, '$[1].b[0]', 1, '$[2][2]', 2);
+-----------------------------------------------+
| JSON_INSERT(@j, '$[1].b[0]', 1, '$[2][2]', 2) |
+-----------------------------------------------+
| ["a", {"b": [true, false]}, [10, 20, 2]]      |
+-----------------------------------------------+

JSON_REPLACE() replaces existing values and ignores new values:

mysql> SELECT JSON_REPLACE(@j, '$[1].b[0]', 1, '$[2][2]', 2);
+------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_REPLACE(@j, '$[1].b[0]', 1, '$[2][2]', 2) |
+------------------------------------------------+
| ["a", {"b": [1, false]}, [10, 20]]             |
+------------------------------------------------+

The path-value pairs are evaluated left to right. The document produced by evaluating one pair becomes the new value against which the next pair is evaluated.

JSON_REMOVE() takes a JSON document and one or more paths that specify values to be removed from the document. The return value is the original document minus the values selected by paths that exist within the document:

mysql> SELECT JSON_REMOVE(@j, '$[2]', '$[1].b[1]', '$[1].b[1]');
+---------------------------------------------------+
| JSON_REMOVE(@j, '$[2]', '$[1].b[1]', '$[1].b[1]') |
+---------------------------------------------------+
| ["a", {"b": [true]}]                              |
+---------------------------------------------------+

The paths have these effects:

Many of the JSON functions supported by MySQL and described elsewhere in this Manual (see Section 12.17, “JSON Functions”) require a path expression in order to identify a specific element in a JSON document. A path consists of the path's scope followed by one or more path legs. For paths used in MySQL JSON functions, the scope is always the document being searched or otherwise operated on, represented by a leading $ character. Path legs are separated by period characters (.). Cells in arrays are represented by [N], where N is a non-negative integer. Names of keys must be double-quoted strings or valid ECMAScript identifiers (see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/5.1/#sec-7.6). Path expressions, like JSON text, should be encoded using the ascii, utf8, or utf8mb4 character set. Other character encodings are implicitly coerced to utf8mb4. The complete syntax is shown here:

pathExpression:
    scope[(pathLeg)*]

pathLeg:
    member | arrayLocation | doubleAsterisk

member:
    period ( keyName | asterisk )

arrayLocation:
    leftBracket ( nonNegativeInteger | asterisk ) rightBracket

keyName:
    ESIdentifier | doubleQuotedString

doubleAsterisk:
    '**'

period:
    '.'

asterisk:
    '*'

leftBracket:
    '['

rightBracket:
    ']'

As noted previously, in MySQL, the scope of the path is always the document being operated on, represented as $. You can use '$' as a synonynm for the document in JSON path expressions.

The wildcard * and ** tokens are used as follows:

For path syntax examples, see the descriptions of the various JSON functions that take paths as arguments, such as JSON_CONTAINS_PATH(), JSON_SET(), and JSON_REPLACE(). For examples which include the use of the * and ** wildcards, see the description of the JSON_SEARCH() function.

MySQL 8.0.2 and later also supports range notation for subsets of JSON arrays using the to keyword (such as $[2 to 10]), as well as the last keyword as a synonym for the rightmost element of an array. See Searching and Modifying JSON Values, for more information and examples.

JSON values can be compared using the =, <, <=, >, >=, <>, !=, and <=> operators.

The following comparison operators and functions are not yet supported with JSON values:

A workaround for the comparison operators and functions just listed is to cast JSON values to a native MySQL numeric or string data type so they have a consistent non-JSON scalar type.

Comparison of JSON values takes place at two levels. The first level of comparison is based on the JSON types of the compared values. If the types differ, the comparison result is determined solely by which type has higher precedence. If the two values have the same JSON type, a second level of comparison occurs using type-specific rules.

The following list shows the precedences of JSON types, from highest precedence to the lowest. (The type names are those returned by the JSON_TYPE() function.) Types shown together on a line have the same precedence. Any value having a JSON type listed earlier in the list compares greater than any value having a JSON type listed later in the list.

BLOB
BIT
OPAQUE
DATETIME
TIME
DATE
BOOLEAN
ARRAY
OBJECT
STRING
INTEGER, DOUBLE
NULL

For JSON values of the same precedence, the comparison rules are type specific:

For comparison of any JSON value to SQL NULL, the result is UNKNOWN.

For comparison of JSON and non-JSON values, the non-JSON value is converted to JSON according to the rules in the following table, then the values compared as described previously.

The following table provides a summary of the rules that MySQL follows when casting between JSON values and values of other types:

ORDER BY and GROUP BY for JSON values works according to these principles:

For sorting, it can be beneficial to cast a JSON scalar to some other native MySQL type. For example, if a column named jdoc contains JSON objects having a member consisting of an id key and a nonnegative value, use this expression to sort by id values:

ORDER BY CAST(JSON_EXTRACT(jdoc, '$.id') AS UNSIGNED)

If there happens to be a generated column defined to use the same expression as in the ORDER BY, the MySQL optimizer recognizes that and considers using the index for the query execution plan. See Section 8.3.11, “Optimizer Use of Generated Column Indexes”.

For aggregation of JSON values, SQL NULL values are ignored as for other data types. Non-NULL values are converted to a numeric type and aggregated, except for MIN(), MAX(), and GROUP_CONCAT(). The conversion to number should produce a meaningful result for JSON values that are numeric scalars, although (depending on the values) truncation and loss of precision may occur. Conversion to number of other JSON values may not produce a meaningful result.